Types of Periodontal Disease

Periodontal disease (also known as periodontitis and gum disease) is a progressive disease which affects the supporting and surrounding structures of the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament and jawbone. There are several distinct types of periodontal disease, each with its own causes, symptoms and treatment needs.

Gingivitis

Gingivitis is the mildest and earliest form of periodontal disease. It is caused by the buildup of plaque at the gum line, which leads to inflammation, redness and bleeding of the gums. Gingivitis is reversible with good oral hygiene and professional cleanings, and does not yet involve loss of bone or supporting tissue.

Chronic Periodontitis

Chronic periodontitis is the most common form of periodontal disease. Inflammation within the supporting tissues causes deep pockets to form and the gums to recede, giving the appearance that the teeth are lengthening. It is characterized by progressive loss of attachment, interspersed with periods of rapid progression.

Aggressive Periodontitis

Aggressive periodontitis occurs in patients who are otherwise clinically healthy. It is characterized by a rapid loss of gum attachment, chronic bone destruction and, in many cases, a family history of the disease.

Periodontitis Caused by Systemic Disease

This form of gum disease often begins at an early age, and medical conditions such as diabetes, respiratory disease and heart disease are common cofactors.

Necrotizing Periodontal Disease

Necrotizing periodontal disease most often occurs in individuals suffering from systemic conditions such as HIV, malnutrition or immunosuppression. Necrosis (tissue death) occurs in the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone and gingival tissues, and this is the most severe form of periodontal disease.